In plain words: A language model limited to a fixed-length prompt is a simple state machine, but a read-write memory outside it lets it run any algorithm. A 540-billion-parameter model with such a memory exactly simulated a universal Turing machine using only prompts, leaving its weights untouched.
Abstract · Memory Augmented Large Language Models are Computationally Universal
We show that transformer-based large language models are computationally universal when augmented with an external memory. Any deterministic language model that conditions on strings of bounded length is equivalent to a finite automaton, hence computationally limited. However, augmenting such models with a read-write memory creates the possibility of processing arbitrarily large inputs and, potentially, simulating any algorithm. We establish that an existing large language model, Flan-U-PaLM 540B, can be combined with an associative read-write memory to exactly simulate the execution of a universal Turing machine, $U_{15,2}$. A key aspect of the finding is that it does not require any modification of the language model weights. Instead, the construction relies solely on designing a form of stored instruction computer that can subsequently be programmed with a specific set of prompts.
Dale Schuurmans
arXiv:2301.04589 · cs.CL, cs.FL · submitted Jan 10, 2023
abstract · pdf · html · 23 pages, 0 figures
Makes intuitive sense, though.