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Simulating Weighted Automata over Sequences and Trees with Transformers (arxiv.org)
3 points by PaulHoule on Mar 23, 2024 | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Transformers can copy the scoring rules of weighted state machines, which give numbers to sequences and trees instead of yes-or-no answers, with proven size limits. Ordinary training on synthetic tasks found these compact copies, beyond earlier proofs covering only yes/no machines.

Abstract

Transformers are ubiquitous models in the natural language processing (NLP) community and have shown impressive empirical successes in the past few years. However, little is understood about how they reason and the limits of their computational capabilities. These models do not process data sequentially, and yet outperform sequential neural models such as RNNs. Recent work has shown that these models can compactly simulate the sequential reasoning abilities of deterministic finite automata (DFAs). This leads to the following question: can transformers simulate the reasoning of more complex finite state machines? In this work, we show that transformers can simulate weighted finite automata (WFAs), a class of models which subsumes DFAs, as well as weighted tree automata (WTA), a generalization of weighted automata to tree structured inputs. We prove these claims formally and provide upper bounds on the sizes of the transformer models needed as a function of the number of states the target automata. Empirically, we perform synthetic experiments showing that transformers are able to learn these compact solutions via standard gradient-based training.

Michael Rizvi, Maude Lizaire, Clara Lacroce, Guillaume Rabusseau
arXiv:2403.09728 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.CC · submitted Mar 12, 2024
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