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The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers (arxiv.org)
2 points by srirangr on Apr 2, 2024 | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: They delete a block of nearly identical layers from a language model, then briefly retrain the rest to patch the damage. Question-answering barely suffers even after up to half the layers are gone, suggesting the deepest layers hold little of the knowledge.

Abstract

How is knowledge stored in an LLM's weights? We study this via layer pruning: if removing a certain layer does not affect model performance in common question-answering benchmarks, then the weights in that layer are not necessary for storing the knowledge needed to answer those questions. To find these unnecessary parameters, we identify the optimal block of layers to prune by considering similarity across layers; then, to "heal" the damage, we perform a small amount of finetuning. Surprisingly, with this method we find minimal degradation of performance until after a large fraction (up to half) of the layers are removed for some common open-weight models. From a scientific perspective, the robustness of these LLMs to the deletion of layers implies either that current pretraining methods are not properly leveraging the parameters in the deeper layers of the network or that the shallow layers play a critical role in storing knowledge. For our study, we use parameter-efficient finetuning (PEFT) methods, specifically quantization and Low Rank Adapters (QLoRA), such that each of our experiments can be performed on a single 40GB A100 GPU.

Andrey Gromov, Kushal Tirumala, Hassan Shapourian, Paolo Glorioso, Daniel A. Roberts
arXiv:2403.17887 · cs.CL, cs.LG, stat.ML · submitted Mar 26, 2024 · updated Mar 3, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · 10 + 14 pages, 6 + 5 figures. v2: ICLR camera-ready version; additional experiments in an extended discussion

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