In plain words: Instead of accuracy averages, which say nothing about one input, these models answer and prove it to a checker that rejects any wrong answer. Two training routes—copying proofs or learning from checker feedback—let it prove most outputs while wrong ones are caught.
Abstract
How can we trust the correctness of a learned model on a particular input of interest? Model accuracy is typically measured on average over a distribution of inputs, giving no guarantee for any fixed input. This paper proposes a theoretically-founded solution to this problem: to train Self-Proving models that prove the correctness of their output to a verification algorithm $V$ via an Interactive Proof. Self-Proving models satisfy that, with high probability over an input sampled from a given distribution, the model generates a correct output and successfully proves its correctness to $V$. The soundness property of $V$ guarantees that, for every input, no model can convince $V$ of the correctness of an incorrect output. Thus, a Self-Proving model proves correctness of most of its outputs, while all incorrect outputs (of any model) are detected by $V$. We devise and analyze two generic methods for learning Self-Proving models: Transcript Learning (TL) which relies on access to transcripts of accepting interactions, and Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Feedback (RLVF) which trains a model by emulating interactions with the verifier.
Noga Amit, Shafi Goldwasser, Orr Paradise, Guy Rothblum
arXiv:2405.15722 · cs.LG, cs.CC, cs.SE · submitted May 24, 2024 · updated Dec 18, 2025
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