In plain words: By deleting or swapping neighboring layers inside a language model while it runs, the study maps which layers matter most. Models kept 72–95% of their next-word accuracy, with early and final layers most sensitive and middle layers dispensable, hinting at four stages of processing.
Abstract
We investigate the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) to structural interventions by deleting and swapping adjacent layers during inference. Surprisingly, models retain 72-95% of their original top-1 prediction accuracy without any fine-tuning. We find that performance degradation is not uniform across layers: interventions to the early and final layers cause the most degradation, while the model is remarkably robust to dropping middle layers. This pattern of localized sensitivity motivates our hypothesis of four stages of inference, observed across diverse model families and sizes: (1) detokenization, where local context is integrated to lift raw token embeddings into higher-level representations; (2) feature engineering, where task- and entity-specific features are iteratively refined; (3) prediction ensembling, where hidden states are aggregated into plausible next-token predictions; and (4) residual sharpening, where irrelevant features are suppressed to finalize the output distribution. Synthesizing behavioral and mechanistic evidence, we provide a framework for interpreting depth-dependent computations in LLMs.
Vedang Lad, Jin Hwa Lee, Wes Gurnee, Max Tegmark
arXiv:2406.19384 · cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CL · submitted Jun 27, 2024 · updated Jun 16, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · For Github code see https://github.com/vdlad/Remarkable-Robustness-of-LLMs. Send all correspondence to the first author