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Can We Count on LLMs? The Fixed-Effect Fallacy and Claims of GPT-4 Capabilities (arxiv.org)
1 point by belter on Sep 13, 2024 | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Tested GPT-4 on simple tasks like counting list items and multiplying numbers, repeating each many times while changing the wording and the kinds of inputs. Small, supposedly irrelevant changes shifted accuracy far more than chance, so one score hides big gaps in ability.

Abstract

In this paper we explore evaluation of LLM capabilities. We present measurements of GPT-4 performance on several deterministic tasks; each task involves a basic calculation and takes as input parameter some element drawn from a large well-defined population (e.g., count elements in a list, multiply two k-digit numbers, etc). We examine several conditions per-task and perform enough trials so that statistically significant differences can be detected. This allows us to investigate the sensitivity of task-accuracy both to query phrasing and input parameter population. We find that seemingly trivial modifications in the task-prompt or input population can yield differences far larger than can be explained by sampling effects. For example, performance on a simple list-counting task varies with query-phrasing and list-length, but also with list composition (i.e., the thing-to-be-counted) and object frequency (e.g., success when an element accounts for $\approx$ 50\% of a list is different from when it accounts for $\approx$ 70\% etc). We conclude that efforts to quantify LLM capabilities easily succumb to the language-as-fixed-effect fallacy, where experimental observations are improperly generalized beyond what the data supports. A consequence appears to be that intuitions that have been formed based on interactions with humans form a very unreliable guide as to which input modifications should ``make no difference'' to LLM performance.

Thomas Ball, Shuo Chen, Cormac Herley
arXiv:2409.07638 · cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.LG · submitted Sep 11, 2024 · updated Sep 24, 2024
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