In plain words: When asked to repeat one word over and over, language models break down because the repetition disrupts a small circuit that normally gives the first token extra attention, keeping text flowing. A targeted fix to that circuit restored repetition without hurting other abilities.
Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their impressive capabilities, often fail to accurately repeat a single word when prompted to, and instead output unrelated text. This unexplained failure mode represents a vulnerability, allowing even end-users to diverge models away from their intended behavior. We aim to explain the causes for this phenomenon and link it to the concept of ``attention sinks'', an emergent LLM behavior crucial for fluency, in which the initial token receives disproportionately high attention scores. Our investigation identifies the neural circuit responsible for attention sinks and shows how long repetitions disrupt this circuit. We extend this finding to other non-repeating sequences that exhibit similar circuit disruptions. To address this, we propose a targeted patch that effectively resolves the issue without negatively impacting the model's overall performance. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for an LLM vulnerability, demonstrating how interpretability can diagnose and address issues, and offering insights that pave the way for more secure and reliable models.
Itay Yona, Ilia Shumailov, Jamie Hayes, Federico Barbero, Yossi Gandelsman
arXiv:2503.08908 · cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.CR · submitted Mar 11, 2025
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