In plain words: A classic memory network that lets stored patterns settle into new answers works like a creative process, not a solver. Without learning it fails to beat chance, and tuning how it learns splits its behavior into four regimes, from creative results to inconclusive ones.
Abstract · Untapped Potential in Self-Optimization of Hopfield Networks: The Creativity of Unsupervised Learning
The Self-Optimization (SO) model can be considered as the third operational mode of the classical Hopfield Network, leveraging the power of associative memory to enhance optimization performance. Moreover, it has been argued to express characteristics of minimal agency, which renders it useful for the study of artificial life. In this article, we draw attention to another facet of the SO model: its capacity for creativity. Drawing on creativity studies, we argue that the model satisfies the necessary and sufficient conditions of a creative process. Moreover, we show that learning is needed to find creative outcomes above chance probability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that modifying the learning parameters in the SO model gives rise to four different regimes that can account for both creative products and inconclusive outcomes, thus providing a framework for studying and understanding the emergence of creative behaviors in artificial systems that learn.
Natalya Weber, Christian Guckelsberger, Tom Froese
arXiv:2501.04007 · cs.NE, nlin.AO · submitted Dec 10, 2024 · updated Nov 5, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · 38 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Artificial Life (ALife), The MIT Press