In plain words: Two small text models built for Polish use a tokenizer that chops Polish into fewer pieces, plus training tweaks that balance instruction types and adjust speed as learning progresses. The larger one matches models two to three times its size on Polish tests.
Abstract
We introduce Bielik v3, a series of parameter-efficient generative text models (1.5B and 4.5B) optimized for Polish language processing. These models demonstrate that smaller, well-optimized architectures can achieve performance comparable to much larger counterparts while requiring substantially fewer computational resources. Our approach incorporates several key innovations: a custom Polish tokenizer (APT4) that significantly improves token efficiency, Weighted Instruction Cross-Entropy Loss to balance learning across instruction types, and Adaptive Learning Rate that dynamically adjusts based on training progress. Trained on a meticulously curated corpus of 292 billion tokens spanning 303 million documents, these models excel across multiple benchmarks, including the Open PL LLM Leaderboard, Complex Polish Text Understanding Benchmark, Polish EQ-Bench, and Polish Medical Leaderboard. The 4.5B parameter model achieves results competitive with models 2-3 times its size, while the 1.5B model delivers strong performance despite its extremely compact profile. These advances establish new benchmarks for parameter-efficient language modeling in less-represented languages, making high-quality Polish language AI more accessible for resource-constrained applications.
Krzysztof Ociepa, Łukasz Flis, Remigiusz Kinas, Krzysztof Wróbel, Adrian Gwoździej
arXiv:2505.02550 · cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CL · submitted May 5, 2025 · updated May 8, 2025
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