In plain words: AI systems that read an ECG and answer questions in text can take the tracing as raw numbers, a picture, or a string of symbols. Across six public datasets and five measures, the symbolic format scored significantly better than the other two most often.
Abstract · Signal, Image, or Symbolic: Exploring the Best Input Representation for Electrocardiogram-Language Models Through a Unified Framework
Recent advances have increasingly applied large language models (LLMs) to electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation, giving rise to Electrocardiogram-Language Models (ELMs). Conditioned on an ECG and a textual query, an ELM autoregressively generates a free-form textual response. Unlike traditional classification-based systems, ELMs emulate expert cardiac electrophysiologists by issuing diagnoses, analyzing waveform morphology, identifying contributing factors, and proposing patient-specific action plans. To realize this potential, researchers are curating instruction-tuning datasets that pair ECGs with textual dialogues and are training ELMs on these resources. Yet before scaling ELMs further, there is a fundamental question yet to be explored: What is the most effective ECG input representation? In recent works, three candidate representations have emerged-raw time-series signals, rendered images, and discretized symbolic sequences. We present the first comprehensive benchmark of these modalities across 6 public datasets and 5 evaluation metrics. We find symbolic representations achieve the greatest number of statistically significant wins over both signal and image inputs. We further ablate the LLM backbone, ECG duration, and token budget, and we evaluate robustness to signal perturbations. We hope that our findings offer clear guidance for selecting input representations when developing the next generation of ELMs.
William Han, Chaojing Duan, Zhepeng Cen, Yihang Yao, Xiaoyu Song, Atharva Mhaskar, Dylan Leong, Michael A. Rosenberg, Emerson Liu, Ding Zhao
arXiv:2505.18847 · cs.AI, cs.CL · submitted May 24, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · 29 pages, 2 figures, 8 tables