In plain words: People who often use AI tools for writing judged 300 articles as human- or machine-written and explained why. When five voted together, they got just 1 of 300 wrong, beating most software detectors even after the text was paraphrased to hide its origins.
Abstract · People who frequently use ChatGPT for writing tasks are accurate and robust detectors of AI-generated text
In this paper, we study how well humans can detect text generated by commercial LLMs (GPT-4o, Claude, o1). We hire annotators to read 300 non-fiction English articles, label them as either human-written or AI-generated, and provide paragraph-length explanations for their decisions. Our experiments show that annotators who frequently use LLMs for writing tasks excel at detecting AI-generated text, even without any specialized training or feedback. In fact, the majority vote among five such "expert" annotators misclassifies only 1 of 300 articles, significantly outperforming most commercial and open-source detectors we evaluated even in the presence of evasion tactics like paraphrasing and humanization. Qualitative analysis of the experts' free-form explanations shows that while they rely heavily on specific lexical clues ('AI vocabulary'), they also pick up on more complex phenomena within the text (e.g., formality, originality, clarity) that are challenging to assess for automatic detectors. We release our annotated dataset and code to spur future research into both human and automated detection of AI-generated text.
Jenna Russell, Marzena Karpinska, Mohit Iyyer
arXiv:2501.15654 · cs.CL, cs.AI · submitted Jan 26, 2025 · updated May 19, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · ACL 2025 33 pages
The explanation for the difference is that automated discrimination has relied mainly on structural factors such as average sentence/paragraph length and frequency of stock words/phrases and certain parts of speech. Human evaluators look at content factors such as repetition of ideas, less precise wording, generalizations rather than concrete examples, overall conceptual coherence, and factual errors.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05139