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Verbalized Algorithms (arxiv.org)
1 point by PaulHoule on Sep 19, 2025 | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Instead of asking a language model to reason freely, a proven classical algorithm drives the work and calls the model only for tiny steps, like deciding which of two items is bigger. This beat free-form reasoning on sorting, clustering, Wi-Fi placement, and multi-hop questions.

Abstract · Verbalized Algorithms: Classical Algorithms are All You Need (Mostly)

Reasoning is a fundamentally algorithmic task. Yet current work on LLM-based reasoning relies on free-form generation whose theoretical guarantees (soundness, completeness, complexity, optimality) remain poorly understood. We argue that we should not treat them as general-purpose reasoners, and as an alternative, we propose a paradigm we call \emph{verbalized algorithms} (VAs), which combines LLMs and various algorithms with established guarantees. Instead of betting on LLM's ability to solve a reasoning task, VAs limit their scope by decomposing the task down to simple elementary operations on strings that they can answer reliably. For example, sorting a list of natural language strings could be done by using an LLM as a binary comparison oracle in a parallel or approximate sorting algorithm. We push the accuracy-runtime Pareto front with \emph{verbalized maximum}, \emph{sorting}, \emph{clustering}, and \emph{submodular maximization}, for numerical reasoning, topic clustering, Wi-Fi access point optimization, and multi-hop Q\&A RAG task. These results suggest improving LLM-based reasoning through standard algorithmic analysis is a feasible and better grounded research direction.

Supriya Lall, Christian Farrell, Hari Pathanjaly, Marko Pavic, Sarvesh Chezhian, Masataro Asai
arXiv:2509.08150 · cs.CL · submitted Sep 9, 2025 · updated May 22, 2026
abstract · pdf · html · Accepted in NeurIPS 2025 Workshop on Efficient Reasoning; Submitted to Position Paper Track at Neurips 2026

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