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Reasoning with Sampling: Your Base Model Is Smarter Than You Think (arxiv.org)
2 points by jonbaer 340 days ago | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Instead of training a model with reinforcement learning, it repeatedly resamples answers and keeps the ones the model rates most likely, sharpening output toward better reasoning. On math, coding, and science questions this nearly matched or beat reinforcement learning while keeping answers varied.

Abstract · Reasoning with Sampling: Your Base Model is Smarter Than You Think

Frontier reasoning models have exhibited incredible capabilities across a wide array of disciplines, driven by posttraining large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL). However, despite the widespread success of this paradigm, much of the literature has been devoted to disentangling truly novel behaviors that emerge during RL but are not present in the base models. In our work, we approach this question from a different angle, instead asking whether comparable reasoning capabilites can be elicited from base models at inference time by pure sampling, without any additional training. Inspired by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques for sampling from sharpened distributions, we propose a simple iterative sampling algorithm leveraging the base models' own likelihoods. Over different base models, we show that our algorithm offers substantial boosts in reasoning that nearly match and even outperform those from RL on a wide variety of single-shot tasks, including MATH500, HumanEval, and GPQA. Moreover, our sampler avoids the collapse in diversity over multiple samples that is characteristic of RL-posttraining. Crucially, our method does not require training, curated datasets, or a verifier, suggesting broad applicability beyond easily verifiable domains.

Aayush Karan, Yilun Du
arXiv:2510.14901 · cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CL · submitted Oct 16, 2025
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