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Probing Knowledge Holes in Unlearned LLMs (arxiv.org)
2 points by PaulHoule 325 days ago | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Deleting unwanted facts from a trained AI can wipe out harmless knowledge, so this work generates questions around the deleted content to find them. Up to 98.7% got irrelevant or nonsensical answers after deletion, though the original model answered them — gaps that usual tests miss.

Abstract

Machine unlearning has emerged as a prevalent technical solution for selectively removing unwanted knowledge absorbed during pre-training, without requiring full retraining. While recent unlearning techniques can effectively remove undesirable content without severely compromising performance on standard benchmarks, we find that they may inadvertently create ``knowledge holes'' -- unintended losses of benign knowledge that standard benchmarks fail to capture. To probe where unlearned models reveal knowledge holes, we propose a test case generation framework that explores both immediate neighbors of unlearned content and broader areas of potential failures. Our evaluation demonstrates significant hidden costs of unlearning: up to 98.7\% of the test cases yield irrelevant or nonsensical responses from unlearned models, despite being answerable by the pretrained model. These findings necessitate rethinking the conventional approach to evaluating knowledge preservation in unlearning, moving beyond standard, static benchmarks.

Myeongseob Ko, Hoang Anh Just, Charles Fleming, Ming Jin, Ruoxi Jia
arXiv:2511.00030 · cs.LG, cs.AI · submitted Oct 27, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

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