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Elevating Intelligence via Efficient Model and Tool Orchestration (arxiv.org)
5 points by georgehe9 311 days ago | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: A small model trained by trial and error to choose which models and tools to use for a question, rewarded for correct answers, low cost, and matching users' tool choices. It scored 37.1% on Humanity's Last Exam versus GPT-5's 35.1%, while being 2.5 times more efficient.

Abstract · ToolOrchestra: Elevating Intelligence via Efficient Model and Tool Orchestration

Large language models are powerful generalists, yet solving deep and complex problems such as those of the Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) remains both conceptually challenging and computationally expensive. We show that small orchestrators managing other models and a variety of tools can both push the upper bound of intelligence and improve efficiency in solving difficult agentic tasks. We introduce ToolOrchestra, a method for training small orchestrators that coordinate intelligent tools. ToolOrchestra explicitly uses reinforcement learning with outcome-, efficiency-, and user-preference-aware rewards. Using ToolOrchestra, we produce Orchestrator, an 8B model that achieves higher accuracy at lower cost than previous tool-use agents while aligning with user preferences on which tools are to be used for a given query. On HLE, Orchestrator achieves a score of 37.1%, outperforming GPT-5 (35.1%) while being 2.5x more efficient. On tau2-Bench and FRAMES, Orchestrator surpasses GPT-5 by a wide margin while using only about 30% of the cost. Extensive analysis shows that Orchestrator achieves the best trade-off between performance and cost under multiple metrics, and generalizes robustly to unseen tools. These results demonstrate that composing diverse tools with a lightweight orchestration model is both more efficient and more effective than existing methods, paving the way for practical and scalable tool-augmented reasoning systems.

Hongjin Su, Shizhe Diao, Ximing Lu, Mingjie Liu, Jiacheng Xu, Xin Dong, Yonggan Fu, Peter Belcak, Hanrong Ye, Hongxu Yin, Yi Dong, Evelina Bakhturina, et al.
arXiv:2511.21689 · cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG, cs.MA · submitted Nov 26, 2025
abstract · pdf · html · 21 pages, 6 figures

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