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Rethinking Language Model Scaling Under Transferable Hypersphere Optimization (arxiv.org)
2 points by matt_d 186 days ago | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: By fixing every weight matrix to the same size while training, one learning rate tuned on a tiny model works unchanged as models grow wider, deeper, or use more experts. It trained 1.58 times more efficiently than a strong baseline and kept training signals stable.

Abstract · Rethinking Language Model Scaling under Transferable Hypersphere Optimization

Scaling laws for large language models depend critically on the optimizer and parameterization. Existing hyperparameter transfer laws are mainly developed for first-order optimizers, and they do not structurally prevent training instability at scale. Recent hypersphere optimization methods constrain weight matrices to a fixed-norm hypersphere, offering a promising alternative for more stable scaling. We introduce HyperP (Hypersphere Parameterization), the first framework for transferring optimal learning rates across model width, depth, training tokens, and Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) granularity under the Frobenius-sphere constraint with the Muon optimizer. We prove that weight decay is a first-order no-op on the Frobenius sphere, show that Depth-$μ$P remains necessary, and find that the optimal learning rate follows the same data-scaling power law with the "magic exponent" 0.32 previously observed for AdamW. A single base learning rate tuned at the smallest scale transfers across all compute budgets under HyperP, yielding $1.58\times$ compute efficiency over a strong Muon baseline at $6\times10^{21}$ FLOPs. Moreover, HyperP delivers transferable stability: all monitored instability indicators, including $Z$-values, output RMS, and activation outliers, remain bounded and non-increasing under training FLOPs scaling. We also propose SqrtGate, an MoE gating mechanism derived from the hypersphere constraint that preserves output RMS across MoE granularities for improved granularity scaling, and show that hypersphere optimization enables substantially larger auxiliary load-balancing weights, yielding both strong performance and good expert balance. We release our training codebase at https://github.com/microsoft/ArchScale.

Liliang Ren, Yang Liu, Yelong Shen, Weizhu Chen
arXiv:2603.28743 · cs.LG · submitted Mar 30, 2026 · updated Apr 5, 2026
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