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Specs cut defects in AI-generated code from 148 to 23 across five models (arxiv.org)
1 point by sandeepdhuri 10 days ago | hide | past | pdf | discuss on HN

In plain words: Adding a short fixed checklist of what the finished code must get right before asking an AI to write it, then checking 50 backend tasks across five AI systems. It cut mistakes everywhere, with security flaws dropping from 53 to 11.

Abstract · Specification Before Generation: A Pre-Registered, Five-Model Paired Evaluation of a Specification Frame for LLM-Generated Code in Money, Time, Idempotency, and Access Tasks

Code generated by large language models passes security checks at a rate that has barely moved in four years. In regulated backends, the defect classes that matter most are money arithmetic, time handling, retry safety, and access control. Teams answer with instruction files, yet the largest controlled study of instruction files we are aware of found no general benefit. This paper tests a narrower idea: generated code improves when the prompt carries a specification, a fixed preamble stating what must be true of the result. We pre-registered hypotheses, refuters, analysis code, and a one-shot generation rule, then ran 50 realistic backend tasks from finance, healthcare, and insurance practice through five frontier models from five vendor lineages, each task twice: bare, and preceded by a 267-word filled specification frame. Nine deterministic AST-based checkers scored the outputs. The Bandit security scanner, which knows nothing of the frame, scored them independently. The frame reduced defects in all five models (mean reduction 0.16 to 0.70 findings per task, every Holm-adjusted sign test significant, every bootstrap confidence interval excluding zero). Where the arms differed, the frame arm won 95 of 100 times. It never made any model worse in any domain. Bandit found 53 medium-or-high issues in the bare arm and 11 in the frame arm, in the same direction for every model. The effect was largest where a model's unprompted defaults were weakest: the frame supplies the discipline a model lacks. All 500 outputs, prompts, checkers, scoring code, and the pre-registration are published with a DOI, so any team can re-derive the result without trusting the author.

Sandeep Dhuri
arXiv:2609.23270 · cs.SE, cs.CR · submitted Sep 20, 2026 · updated Sep 30, 2026
abstract · pdf · html · 11 pages incl. references, 2 figures, 5 tables. Dataset: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22598204. v2: adds four references (Khatri; Dente et al.; Alenezi; Vilas Boas et al.), corrects the Table I total to 106, updates Deviation 8, and marks the length-matched and reason-first arms as planned for the follow-on study

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